Nasal immunization of mice with AFCo1 or AFPL1 plus capsular polysaccharide Vi from Salmonella typhi induces cellular response and memory B and T cell responses.

The response to infection against Salmonella involves both B and T cell mediated immunity. An effective immunization can activate an adequate immune response capable to control the primary infection and protect against a secondary infection. Mucosal vaccination, by inducing local pathogen-specific immune responses, has the potential to counter mucosally transmitted pathogens at the portal of entry, thereby increasing the efficacy of vaccines. The aim of this work was to explore the efficacy of AFCo1 or AFPL1, as mucosal adjuvants to stimulate cell immunity and memory responses against Vi polysaccharide antigen of Salmonella typhi (PsVi). Mice immunized with 3 intranasal doses exhibited high levels of PsVi-specific IgG (p<0.05), IgG2a and IgG2c subclasses. Also, an amplified recall response after a booster immunization with a plain polysaccharide vaccine was induced. Avidities index were higher in mice immunized with adjuvanted formulations at different chaotropic concentrations. Furthermore, IL-12 and IFN-γ levels in nasally vaccinated mice with both adjuvants were induced. Moreover, priming with 3 doses followed by booster immunization with VaxTyVi(®) resulted in high levels of anti-Vi specific IgG, IgG subclasses and antibody avidity. Long lived plasma cells in bone marrow, memory B cells and long-term memory T cells after booster dose were induced. The combined formulation of Vi polysaccharide with mucosal adjuvants provides an improved immunogenicity, in particular with regard to cellular responses and long lasting cells responses.

Inmunopotenciadores para la acuicultura / Immune–potentiators for the Aquaculture

La acuicultura es una de las actividades económicas de mayor crecimiento para la producción de alimentos. Unode sus principales retos es la obtención de grandes volúmenes de producción con la mayor calidad posible. Esto conlleva a una reducción de la aplicación de antibióticos y productos quimioterapéuticos. Una de las estrategias más prometedoras es la aplicación de inmunopotenciadores, principalmente en los cultivos intensivos. El objetivode este trabajo fue revisar los principales inmunopotenciadores, así como las tendencias y retos de su uso mundial. Se resumen las particularidades moleculares y funcionales de los mismos y se hace énfasis en los más estudiados: levamisol, ß-glucanos, lipopolisacárido, vitamina C, extractos de plantas y hormonas. Todos estos compuestos de naturaleza heterogénea inciden mayoritariamente en los componentes de la inmunidad innata de los peces, fortaleciendo y potenciando la resistencia a enfermedades; adicionalmente algunos de ellostienen funciones antiestrés y favorecen su crecimiento. Se concluye que los inmunopotenciadores constituyen una estrategia viable para reducir las pérdidas por problemas sanitarios en el sector de la acuicultura; pero aún quedan por solucionar aspectos como la vía de administración y la etapa de inmunización adecuada para cadaespecie y tipo de cultivo(AU)

Aquaculture represents one of the fastest–growing animal food–producing sectors worldwide. One of the mainchallenges is to obtain high–volume production with the highest possible quality, this leads to reduce the use ofantibiotics and chemotherapeutics. A promising solution to these problems is the application of immune–potentiatiors mainly in intensive farming. This article aims to review the main immune–potentiators, as well as thetrends and challenges of global use of them. It summarizes the main molecular and functional characteristics withemphasis on those most studied such as levamisole, ß-glucans, lipopolysaccharide, vitamin C, plant extracts andhormones. All these heterogeneous compounds, mostly affect the innate immunity of fish, strengthening andenhancing disease resistance and some of them additionally have anti–stress effect and promote fish growth. Weconclude that immune–potentiators are a viable strategy to reduce losses for health problems in aquaculture field,however, aspects such as administration route and appropriate immunization phase for each species remains tobe solved(AU)

Adjuvants are Key Factors for the Development of Future Vaccines: Lessons from the Finlay Adjuvant Platform.

The development of effective vaccines against neglected diseases, especially those associated with poverty and social deprivation, is urgently needed. Modern vaccine technologies and a better understanding of the immune response have provided scientists with the tools for rational and safer design of subunit vaccines. Often, however, subunit vaccines do not elicit strong immune responses, highlighting the need to incorporate better adjuvants; this step therefore becomes a key factor for vaccine development. In this review we outline some key features of modern vaccinology that are linked with the development of better adjuvants. In line with the increased desire to obtain novel adjuvants for future vaccines, the Finlay Adjuvant Platform offers a novel approach for the development of new and effective adjuvants. The Finlay Adjuvants (AFs), AFPL (proteoliposome), and AFCo (cochleate), were initially designed for parenteral and mucosal applications, and constitute potent adjuvants for the induction of Th1 responses against several antigens. This review summarizes the status of the Finlay technology in producing promising adjuvants for unsolved-vaccine diseases including mucosal approaches and therapeutic vaccines. Ideas related to adjuvant classification, adjuvant selection, and their possible influence on innate recognition via multiple toll-like receptors are also discussed.